The Role of Russia and Former Soviet Military Structures

Russia was the most influential external power in the conflict.

Its role was complicated and changed over time.

The Soviet military had maintained extensive bases, weapons depots, and military installations throughout the South Caucasus.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the division and transfer of military equipment significantly affected the military capabilities of Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Both sides obtained weapons originating from Soviet arsenals.

Former Soviet officers and soldiers also became involved in the conflict in different capacities.

The 366th Motor Rifle Regiment

The Soviet/CIS 366th Motor Rifle Regiment, stationed in Stepanakert, became particularly controversial.

Members and equipment associated with the regiment were implicated in fighting, including the Khojaly operation.

The degree of participation by individual servicemen and the relationship between the regiment's formal command and locally acting personnel require careful distinction.

The regiment's withdrawal in 1992 did not prevent some of its equipment and personnel from entering the conflict.

Russian mediation

Russia repeatedly attempted to mediate ceasefires.

Russian officials maintained relationships with political and military leaders in Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Moscow's influence derived from geography, military resources, economic ties, and its position as the principal successor state of the Soviet Union.

Russia eventually played a decisive role in securing the May 1994 ceasefire.

Its involvement was not simply that of a neutral outside observer: Russian military relationships and arms transfers also shaped the balance of power.